1 102 B Massilia was founded in southern Gaul by settlers from Phocaea around 600 BC. The city won control of the whole coastline from southern Gaul to Spain. Massilia expanded its trade into Gaul, Liguria, and Spain, and its only rival in the western Mediterranean was Carthage. Massilia was also a good Roman ally.
# Massilia
2 102 A Posidonia, later called Paestum, was founded by Greek colonists in the 7th century BC. Its city wall, once 5m thick and 5,000 m long, was destroyed by the sea but two big temples dedicated to Hera - the goddess of fertility - still survive, the best preserved archaic temples in the whole of the Greek world.
# Posidonia, Temple of Hera - Posidonia
3 101 X Most of the Greeks who settled in Italy and Sicily in the 7th century BC came from the island of Euboea. Sybaris was one such colony and its inhabitants were excellent traders like those in Euboea. Much material has been found there which came from areas throughout the eastern Mediterranean, including Syria and Egypt.
# Sybaris
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#Syracuse IW
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#Greek Colonies IW
6 101 X Corcyra (modern Corfu) was an island in the Ionian Sea. Corinth established a colony there around 733 BC, but the relationship between the two cities was often strained. It was conflict between them that was a secondary cause of the Peloponnesian War.
# Corcyra
9 101 X Byzantium was founded by Megara around 660 BC on the southern end of the Bosporus. Due to its strategic location controlling passage from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean, it became a prosperous centre of commerce and international trade. Captured by the Persians in 512 BC, it was retaken by the Greeks in 478 BC.
# Byzantium
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#Oliba IW
11 101 X Sinope was founded by Miletus on the central Euxine shore of Asia Minor in the 8th century BC. It was resettled in the 7th century BC after it was destroyed by the Cimmerians. It flourished as a commercial city and traded in the Black Sea region. It also founded Trapezus on the south-east shore of the same sea.
# Sinope
12 101 X Cyrene on the coast of Libya, founded by settlers from Thera around 630 BC, was ruled by kings and was very prosperous. It defeated an Egyptian army in 570 BC but had to submit to the Persian king Cambyses later that century. Its king Archesilas IV won the chariot-race at the Delphic Games in 462 BC.
# Cyrene
13 101 X Cumae was the earliest Greek colony in Italy, being founded by settlers from Chalcis around 750 BC. It rapidly prospered and also founded colonies itself. It was often at war with the Etruscans and successfully stopped their advance south in 504 BC. Cumae was most famous for its Sibyl, its oracle, and an extraordinary 'entrance to the Underworld' complex.
